Are warmups before exercise just a waste of time?
The advice drilled into most Americans since elementary school gym class has long encouraged always warming up before exercising and cooling down after. But in reality, many people — including some serious athletes and even some personal trainers — ditch these elements, often in the interest of time or pursuit of higher workout intensity, says Jim White, a personal trainer, dietitian and owner of Jim White Fitness & Nutrition Studios in Virginia Beach and Norfolk, Virginia. “People are just busy, and they skip the warmup and cool down,” he says.
But, experts agree that warming up before a workout is a key component to getting the most out of your limited time in the gym. “Some people can get away with not warming up, especially when they’re younger,” says Kirsten von Zychlin, a physical therapist and athletic trainer with the Jameson Crane Sports Medicine Institute at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center in Columbus. “But as we age, our muscles and other soft-tissue become less adaptable. So a functional warmup is a great way to prepare our bodies for movement and reduce the risk of injury.”
Evidence suggests that warmups work.
Megan Moran, a physical therapist and running program specialist at MedStar National Rehabilitation Network at Ballston-Marymount in Arlington, Virginia, says that “we don’t have a lot of evidence that (warming up) is going to decrease your risk of injury.” But what research is available backs up what experts have been saying for years: Warming up improves your athletic performance.
For example, one recent study, showed that cyclists who completed a warmup at 70% intensity improved their ability to consume oxygen before starting their trial with all-out effort. Their times were faster as a result.
Carlos Torres, a New York-based personal trainer certified by the National Council on Strength and Fitness, agrees that, “yes, you really do need to warm up before exercise. A warmup should prime your body for the workout ahead so you perform better. It should also be minimal so you can get right into the actual goal of that session without losing any energy.”
Warming up before exercise gets your heart, lungs, brain, muscles and mind ready for what’s to come.
In fact, White says, warmups and cool-downs are “the most important thing over the workout itself because injuring yourself can set you back.”
Which warmup is best?
But not all warmups are created equal. One study, for instance, showed that soccer players who warmed up again between their first warmup and game time benefited if the “re-warmup” included plyometrics (jumping and navigating an agility ladder) or sprints with frequent changes of direction, but not if it included a hamstring exercise.
Another study showed that elite cyclists performed better after a shorter, not-so-strenuous warmup than when they did a more traditional, longer and more intense workout.
“A warmup is not intended to deplete energy; it’s meant to make you feel good, open up the legs, open up the small capillaries that are feeding those muscles,” says Dr. Mimi Winsberg, a psychiatrist in San Francisco and Ironman triathlete.
Here are five tips to warming up the right way.
1. Keep it short and light.
“Functional warmups should be 10 to 15 minutes in duration and completed no more than 10 minutes before starting your activity or exercise,” von Zychlin says. “Start with slower activities and progress to higher-level, faster-paced and explosive movements as appropriate.”
She adds that if your exercise is a sport, then “including sport-specific tasks primes the neural pathways and neuromuscular activation. In other words, it wakes up the muscle-memory pathways you’ve developed practicing your sport.”
For example, if you’re undertaking a swimming workout, start out with a few easy laps of technique drill work or slower-paced swimming to warm up your muscles and get ready for the main set.
If you’re going running, start by walking and gradually increase the pace to warm up your legs and slowly elevate your heart rate. If you’re playing basketball with some friends, run some light dribbling drills to get your blood moving before the game.
2. Do dynamic — not static — stretching.
If you walked into White’s gym, you’d probably see at least a few people walking around with their arms out like Frankenstein. That’s because they’re doing a warmup appropriately named “Frankenstein,” in which they kick their legs up to meet their arms while walking. He also recommends butt kicks, arm circles and other movements that stretch the muscles actively. What you want to avoid prior to exercise: static hamstring or other stretches when your muscles are cold.
Research shows that such movements can actually decrease your power in the workout itself, Moran says.
Torres agrees that dynamic stretching — or movement-based stretching — before the workout is the way to go, “but static stretching should always be saved for after your workout. Static stretching before your workout when the body is cold actually increases chances of injury,” and it’s “been proven also to decrease power and strength output of that muscle.”
Static stretching is what many people think of as the primary way to stretch. Things like bending over to touch your toes and holding that position for 30 seconds or pulling your arm across the chest as far as you can and holding that position for 30 seconds to stretch the triceps are examples of static stretches. This form of stretching has its place and can increase flexibility when done correctly, but it’s not the right choice for the beginning of the workout, experts say, because holding a static stretch on cold muscles can elevate injury risk.
As von Zychlin notes, it’s best to save the static stretching for after the workout when your muscles are warm. Anytime you perform static stretching, von Zychlin adds that you should, “make sure to create heat in the body prior to stretching.”
You can do that by:
— Taking a short walk.
— Completing a functional warmup.
— Doing some jumping jacks.
3. Make it exercise-specific.
“A pre-workout warmup should entail movements that closely resemble the actual workout,” Torres says. For example, “if the workout is leg-focused and will have plenty of squats, I wouldn’t have my client stretching their hamstrings or quads. The warmup would be squats. We would do them at either a lesser intensity or range of motion than the actual workout calls for.”
The reasoning behind this approach to warming up is that “doing the actual movement gets your joints warmed up and blood into your muscles. When doing this you’re already making your muscle and tissue pliable” with the specific movements you’ll be doing in the main part of the workout.
By the same token, Moran says that if you’re gearing up for cardio, aim to increase your breathing and heart rate slowly to prevent fatiguing too early in the exercise itself. Going from zero to 100 would be like leaping out of bed in the morning without sitting up, shaking off the grogginess and stretching first. “It’s preparing our body to go into a different phase of activity,” she says.
If you’re preparing for a weightlifting workout, on the other hand, it’s most important to practice your movements with no weights or light weights to test drive how your joints are working that day and practice your range of motion. In other words, you don’t want to learn you have a kink in your knee or your stance is unsteady when you have 100 pounds on your back. “If something hurts,” Moran says, “don’t do it until you consult your physical therapist, physician or medical professional.”
Team sports or other agility workouts, meanwhile, lend themselves to warmups like speed drills in order to activate your neuromuscular system and test out your quickness that day.
Before a cycling workout, for example, Winsberg likes to do “ladders” — first building up and then lowering the resistance, then speeding up and slowing down and finally increasing and decreasing both power and cadence. “I find it’s a really good indicator of fatigue,” she says. “If there’s not quickness there, it’s probably not a day to do a really tough workout.”
4. Move in three dimensions.
In addition to doing workout-specific warmups that will prepare you for a specific activity, von Zychlin says it’s also important to include movement in multiple planes. “Don’t just perform exercises straight in front of you. Also move backward, laterally and incorporate rotational movement patterns as applicable.”
She adds that planks or other suitable core exercises are “a great place to start your warmup,” as these engage and wake up the entire body. She recommends then moving into more dynamic stretching exercises such as:
— Lunges.
— Side lunges.
— Moving hamstring stretches.
— Shin grabs.
You can then transition to quicker-paced movements such as:
— High knees.
— Butt-kickers.
— Side shuffle.
“If you’re unable to perform quicker-paced movements, don’t be discouraged,” von Zychlin notes. “You can still get an appropriate warmup without these impact activities.”
5. Prepare your mind.
If nothing else, warming up mentally is good for your future workout physically. Plenty of sport psychology research demonstrates that visualizing how you’ll succeed on the court or field can dramatically improve performance.
“It’s helpful to understand what the goals of your workout are before you go into it,” says Winsberg, who also serves as chief medical officer of Brightside, a mental health telemedicine service. She recommends thinking about what you’ll say to yourself when you feel like quitting or face any other challenge during the workout. “Our thoughts,” she says, “generate our feelings.”
Best pre-workout warmups
Torres says “the best warmup exercises are exercises that keep you moving and elevate your heart rate so you’re actually raising your body’s temperature a bit.”
He recommends some basic moves such as:
— Jumping jacks. “It’s full body, and you don’t have to do it for long to increase your heart rate.”
— Jumping rope. “This takes some coordination, but it’s super fun and again, a full body warmup.”
— Hip thrust and glute bridge. These movements are great as a warmup for workouts that will target the lower body. “It’s a nice hip opener that’s low intensity. It’s great for someone who maybe can’t go straight to an actual squat first.”
While these are great exercises to warm up with, von Zychlin adds that “dynamic and functional workouts can look different for everyone. They should be tailored to what your body needs and be specific to the sport or activity you’re warming up for.”
To hone in on the best warmup activities for your needs, von Zychlin recommends talking with “your doctor or another qualified health care professional prior to beginning a new exercise routine, especially if you have any health issues or concerns. You can also talk to your doctor about seeing a physical therapist or other qualified exercise/movement specialist to help determine the best exercises for you.”
5 tips to warming up right:
1. Keep it short and light.
2. Do dynamic — not static — stretching.
3. Make it exercise-specific.
4. Move in three dimensions.
5. Prepare your mind.
More from U.S. News
12 Before and After Workout Tips to Boost Results
Flexibility: 8 Stretches That Will Stretch Your Workout Routine
5 Tips for Warming Up Before a Workout originally appeared on usnews.com
Update 06/02/22: This story was previously published at an earlier date and has been updated with new information.
